1. Nomenclature of Aldehydes


1.1. Common Names of Aldehydes


Aldehydes are often called by their common name.
The common name is derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acids.The 'ic' of the carboxylic acid common name is repaced with 'aldehyde'.The names reflect the Greek or Latin terms for the source of the acid.Location of substituent in the parent carbon chain is indicated by Greek letters α, β, γ, δ, and so on.α-carbon is the one directly linked to the aldehyde group, β-carbon the next, and so on.
Example: CH3
CHO: Acetaldehyde (Derived from the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid - acetic acid). Other examples of common names of aldehydes include benzaldehyde, β-Bromobutyraldehyde.


1.2. IUPAC Names of Aldehydes

a) For aliphatic aldehydes


IUPAC names of aliphatic aldehydes are drived from the names of corresponding alkanes.The '-e' from the name of alkane is replaced with '-al'.The longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the carbon of the carbonyl group if no other high priority group is present.Substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals indicating their positions in the carbon chain.


b) For aromatic aldehydes


For aldehyde group attached to a cycloalkane, the suffix 'carbaldehyde' is added after the full name of the cycloalkane.
Numbering of carbon atoms of cycloalkane starts from the carbon atom attached to the aldehyde group.
Name of simplest aromatic aldehyde carrying the aldehyde group on a benzene ring is benzenecarbaldehyde. But, in this case, the common name benzaldehyde is also accepted by IUPAC.
Other aromatic aldehydes are named as substituted benzaldehydes.


2. Nomenclature of Ketones


2.1. Common Names of Ketones


Common names of ketones are derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group.
Locations of substituents are indicated by Greek letters and so on.
This assigning of letters begins with the carbon atoms next to the carbonyl group, indicated as α α fAew ketones have historical common names.
For example, acetone (which is the the simplest dimethyl ketone).


2.2. IUPAC Names of Ketones


For aliphatic ketones, the IUPAC names are derived from the names of corresponding alkanes.
The ending '-e' from the name of the alkane is replaced with '-one'.
The numbering of the parent carbon chain begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl group.
Substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals indicating their positions in the carbon chain.
For cyclic ketones, the carbonyl carbon is numbered one.


3. Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids


3.1. Common Names of Carboxylic acids


Common names of carboxylic acids end with the suffix, '-ic'.
They are derived from the Greek or Latin names of their natural sources.
For example, the name acetic acid (CCH3COOH) is derived from the Latin term, acetum, which means vinegar. Similarly, formic acid HCOOH is derived from the Latin term formic, which means red ants since the acid was first obtained from them.

3.2. Common Names of Carboxylic acids


The IUPAC names of aliphatic carboxylic acids are given by replacing the ending '-e' in the name of corresponding alkane with '-oic' acid.
When numbering the parent carbon chain, carboxylic carbon is numbered one.
For naming carboxylic acids with multiple carboxyl group, the alkyl chain excluding the carboxyl groups is numbered.
In this case, the number of carboxyl groups is indicated by adding the relevant prefix like di, tri, and so on (dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid, etc.)
Position of -COOH groups are indicated by the arabic numeral before the multiplicative prefix.